Competition Law

Table of treaties and conventions p. xiii Table of EU legislation p. xiv Table of statutes p. xviii Table of statutory instruments p. xxii Table of competition commission reports p. xxv Table of OFT reports, decisions and publications p. xxvii Table of cases p. xxviii List of abbreviations p. lxix 1 Competition policy and economics p. 1 1 Introduction p. 1 2 Overview of the Practices Controlled by Competition Law p. 2 3 The Theory of Competition p. 3 4 The Function of Competition Law p. 19 5 Market Definition and Market Power p. 25 2 Overview of EU and UK competition law p. 49 1 Introduction p. 49 2 EU Law p. 49 3 UK Law p. 58 4 The Relationship Between EU Competition Law and National Competition Laws p. 75 5 The Institutional Structure of EU and UK Competition Law p. 79 3 Article 101(1) p. 82 1 Introduction p. 82 2 Undertakings and Associations of Undertakings p. 83 3 Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices p. 99 4 The Object or Effect of Preventing, Restricting or Distorting Competition p. 115 5 The De Minimis Doctrine p. 140 6 The Effect on Trade Between Member States p. 144 7 Checklist of Agreements That Fall Outside Article 101(1) p. 149 4 Article 101(3) p. 151 1 Introduction p. 151 2 The Article 101(3) Criteria p. 155 3 Regulation 1/2003 p. 166 4 Block Exemptions p. 168 5 Article 102 p. 173 1 Introduction p. 173 2 The Commission's Guidance on Article 102 Enforcement Priorities p. 174 3 Undertakings p. 177 4 The Effect on Inter-State Trade p. 178 5 Dominant Position p. 179 6 A Substantial Part of the Internal Market p. 189 7 Small Firms and Narrow Markets p. 190 8 Abuse p. 192 9 Defences p. 210 10 The Consequences of Infringing Article 102 p. 214 6 The obligations of Member States under the EU competition rules p. 215 1 Introduction p. 215 2 Article 4(3) TEU-Duty of Sincere Cooperation p. 216 3 Article 106 TFEU-Compliance with the Treaties p. 222 4 Article 37 TFEU -State Monopolies of a Commercial Character p. 245 5 Articles 107 to 109 TFEU-State Aids p. 246 7 Articles 101 and 102: public enforcement by the European Commission and national competition authorities under Regulation 1/2003 p. 248 1 Overview of Regulation 1/2003 p. 250 2 The Commission's Enforcement Powers under Regulation 1/2003 p. 251 3 Regulation 1/2003 in Practice p. 288 4 Judicial Review p. 290 8 Articles 101 and 102: private enforcement in the courts of Member States p. 295 1 Introduction p. 295 2 Actions for an Injunction and/or Damages p. 297 3 Damages Actions in the UK Courts p. 306 4 Competition Law as a Defence p. 319 5 Arbitration p. 325 6 Proposals for Reform p. 327 9 Competition Act 1998-substantive provisions p. 330 1 Introduction p. 330 2 The Competition Act 1998-Overview p. 331 3 The Chapter I Prohibition p. 333 4 The Chapter II Prohibition p. 360 5 'Governing Principles Clause': Section 60 of the Competition Act1998 p. 369 6 The Competition Act 1998 in Practice p. 374 10 Competition Act 1998 and the cartel offence: public enforcement and procedure p. 393 1 Introduction p. 393 2 Inquiries and Investigations p. 394 3 Complaints and Super-Complaints p. 402 4 Opinions and Informal Advice p. 403 5 Enforcement p. 404 6 The Cartel Offence and Company Director Disqualification p. 424 7 Concurrency p. 437 8 Appeals p. 439 9 Article 267 References p. 449 11 Enterprise Act 2002: market studies and market investigations p. 451 1 Introduction p. 451 2 Overview of the Provisions on Market Investigation References p. 452 3 Super-Complaints p. 454 4 OFT Market Studies p. 458 5 Market Investigation References p. 466 6 Public Interest Cases p. 474 7 Enforcement p. 474 8 Supplementary Provisions p. 477 9 The Market Investigation Provisions in Practice p. 479 10 Orders and Undertakings Under the Fair Trading Act 1973 p. 486 12 The international dimension of competition law p. 487 1 Introduction p. 487 2 Extraterritoriality: Theory p. 488 3 The Extraterritorial Application of US Competition Law p. 491 4 The Extraterritorial Application of EU Competition Law p. 495 5 The Extraterritorial Application of UK Competition Law p. 501 6 Resistance to Extraterritorial Application of Competition Law p. 504 7 The Internationalisation of Competition Law p. 506 13 Horizontal agreements (1)-cartels p. 512 1 The Hardening Attitude of Competition Authorities Worldwide Towards Cartels p. 513 2 The European Commission's Approach to Cartels p. 517 3 Horizontal Price Fixing p. 522 4 Horizontal Market Sharing p. 530 5 Quotas and Other Restrictions on Production p. 533 6 Collusive Tendering p. 536 7 Agreements Relating to Terms and Conditions p. 538 8 Exchanges of Information p. 539 9 Advertising Restrictions p. 547 10 Anti-Competitive Horizontal Restraints p. 550 11 UK Law p. 552 14 Horizontal agreements (2)-oligopoly, tacit collusion and collective dominance p. 559 1 Introduction p. 559 2 The Theory of Oligopolistic Interdependence p. 560 3 Article 101 p. 567 4 Article 102 and Collective Dominance p. 571 5 UK Law p. 582 15 Horizontal agreements (3)-cooperation agreements p. 585 1 Introduction p. 585 2 Full-Function Joint Ventures p. 585 3 The Application of Article 101 to Horizontal Cooperation Agreements and the Commission's Guidelines on Horizontal Cooperation Agreements p. 586 4 Information Agreements p. 592 5 Research and Development Agreements p. 592 6 Production Agreements p. 599 7 Purchasing Agreements p. 603 8 Commercialisation Agreements p. 605 9 Standardisation Agreements p. 607 10 Other Cases of Permissible Horizontal Cooperation p. 611 11 The Application of the Chapter I Prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to Horizontal Cooperation Agreements p. 615 16 Vertical agreements p. 617 1 Introduction p. 617 2 The Distribution Chain p. 618 3 Vertical Integration p. 619 4 Commercial Agents p. 621 5 Vertical Agreements: Competition Policy Considerations p. 623 6 Vertical Agreements: Article 101(1) p. 628 7 Vertical Agreements: Regulation 330/2010 p. 649 8 The Application of Article 101(3) to Agreements that do not Satisfy the Block Exemption p. 672 9 Regulation 461/2010 on Motor Vehicle Distribution p. 674 10 Sub-Contracting Agreements p. 676 11 UK Law p. 677 17 Abuse of dominance (1): non-pricing practices p. 681 1 Introduction p. 681 2 Exclusive Dealing Agreements p. 682 3 Tying p. 688 4 Refusal to Supply p. 697 5 Non-Pricing Abuses that are Harmful to the Internal Market p. 711 6 Miscellaneous Other Non-Pricing Abuses p. 712 18 Abuse of dominance (2): pricing practices p. 715 1 Introduction p. 715 2 Cost Concepts p. 716 3 Exploitative Pricing Practices p. 718 4 Rebates that have Effects Similar to Exclusive Dealing Agreements p. 728 5 Bundling p. 737 6 Predatory Pricing p. 739 7 Margin Squeezing p. 754 8 Price Discrimination p. 759 9 Pricing Practices that are Harmful to the Single Market p. 764 19 The relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law p. 767 1 Introduction p. 767 2 Licences of Intellectual Property Rights: Article 101 p. 770 3 Technology Transfer Agreements: Regulation 772/2004 p.