Discretion, Discrimination and the Rule of Law

Sentencing: The new site of stereotyping -- The 'Two Finger' test -- Marital status of the victim -- Perpetuation of rape myths in sentencing -- Presence/absence of injuries -- The shadow of relationship on sentencing -- (a) Of 'Reciprocal passion' and 'Youthful exuberance': The case of elopement -- (b) Cases of statutory rape not involving elopement -- The (Dis)use of theories of punishment -- Deterrence -- Proportionality -- 'Ends of justice' -- Arbitrariness in sentencing: Irrelevance and inconsistency -- Using evidentiary factors in sentencing -- Mitigating factors -- 'Adequate and special reasons' -- (a) Mitigating factors cited by the Supreme Court -- (b) Mitigating factors cited by High Courts -- (i) Age as mitigating factor -- (ii) Delay in the judicial process -- (iii) Other mitigating circumstances -- Location of the crime -- Victim's age -- Aggravating factors -- Sentencing in aggravated rape -- Rape and murder -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- 5 Myths and Stereotypes in Rape Prosecutions -- Introduction -- Rape Myths and Stereotypes: Laws and Impact on Rape Adjudication -- Identifying rape myths -- Impact of rape myths on adjudication -- Rape Law Reform -- United States -- United Kingdom -- The Impact of Rape Myths on Sentencing -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- 6 Structuring Sentencing Discretion: Guideline Models and Approaches -- Introduction -- The History of Sentencing Discretion -- England -- United States -- The Rationale Behind Sentencing Guidelines -- Guideline Models -- Legislative regulation models -- Judicial models: Self-regulation by the judiciary -- Appellate review -- Guideline judgments -- The 'Instinctive synthesis' doctrine -- The sentencing commission model -- Numerical guidelines model -- (a) Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines -- (b) The Federal Sentencing Guidelines -- Specific guideline models: The case of Israel