Hemodialysis Membranes For Engineers to Medical Practitioners

2.5 Hemodialysis Membranes: Material Development -- 2.5.1 Cellulose Acetate -- 2.5.2 Polyacrylonitrile -- 2.5.3 Polysulfone -- 2.5.4 Other Membrane Material for Dialysis -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Biocompatibility and Biomaterials -- 3.1 Biocompatibility and Biomaterials: Definition -- 3.2 History of Biomaterials -- 3.2.1 Early Development -- 3.2.1.1 Dental Implants -- 3.2.1.2 Sutures -- 3.2.1.3 Artificial Heart -- 3.2.1.4 Contact Lenses -- 3.2.2 Post-World War II: Surgeon Hero Era -- 3.2.2.1 Dental Implants -- 3.2.2.2 Intraocular Lenses -- 3.2.2.3 Hip/Knee Prostheses -- 3.2.2.4 Artificial Kidney -- 3.2.2.5 Artificial Heart -- 3.2.2.6 Vascular Grafts and Stents -- 3.2.2.7 Pacemakers -- 3.2.2.8 Heart Valves -- 3.3 Essential Properties of Biomaterials -- 3.3.1 Toxicology -- 3.3.2 Biocompatibility -- 3.3.3 Functional Tissue Structure and Pathobiology -- 3.3.4 Healing -- 3.3.5 Mechanical Requirements -- 3.3.6 Miscellaneous and Peripheral Requirements -- 3.4 Biocompatibility in Case of Dialysis Membranes -- 3.4.1 Cytocompatibility -- 3.4.1.1 Cell Metabolic and Cell Proliferation Assays -- 3.4.1.2 Oxidative Stress -- 3.4.1.3 Protein Content -- 3.4.2 Hemocompatibility -- 3.4.2.1 Hemolysis -- 3.4.2.2 Blood Cell Aggregation -- 3.4.2.3 Platelet Adhesion and Thrombus Formation -- 3.5 Essential Equipment for Analyzing Biocompatibility -- 3.5.1 Spectrophotometer -- 3.5.2 Fluorescent Microscope -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Selection of Material for Dialysis Membrane -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Polymer Solution Synthesis -- 4.2.1.1 S1 Solution -- 4.2.1.2 S2 Solution -- 4.2.1.3 S3 Solution -- 4.2.2 Membrane Synthesis -- 4.2.3 Physical Characterization of Membranes -- 4.2.3.1 Permeability and MWCO -- 4.2.3.2 Porosity of the Membranes -- 4.2.3.3 Tensile Strength -- 4.2.3.4 Contact Angle