NATURE OF ISLAMAPHOBIA Institutions, Individuals, and Trickle-down Hate

"A comprehensive analysis that provides both historical context and contemporary understanding.... A perfect introduction to the various forms of Islamophobia."―Mobashra Tazamal, Georgetown University"A must read for anyone who wants to dig deeper into the nature of Islamophobia. This incisive study examines the phenomenon from multiple perspectives, including those of victims, perpetrators, and state power."―Farrukh B. Hakeem, Shaw UniversityIn the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Muslims became the targets of fear, discrimination, and hate crimes―victims of a rising wave of Islamophobia. To understand this phenomenon, Amin Asfari and Anas Askar explore the interconnected historical, political, and social forces that have contributed to the perception of Muslims as a threat.CONTENTS: Islamophobia: An Integrated Approach. Perpetual Code Red: Colonialism, Muslim Immigration, and September 11. A Milieu of Hate: Sociocultural Roots. Private Islamophobia: Individual Prejudice. Self-Hating Muslims: Intrareligious Islamophobia. Pathways Forward: Advocating for Muslims.