Structural Aspects of Protein Synthesis

Ch. 1. The basics of translation -- ch. 2. Historical milestones -- ch. 3. Methods of studying structure. 3.1. Low-resolution methods. 3.2. High-resolution methods. 3.3. Computational methods -- ch. 4. The message - mRNA. 4.1. The genetic code. 4.2. Transcription. 4.3. Processing of the transcribed RNA. 4.4. Translational regulation, reading frame and usage of the genetic code -- ch. 5. The adaptor - tRNA. 5.1. The tRNAs. 5.2. tRNA structures. 5.3. Charging - the tRNA synthetases. 5.4. Recognition of amino acids and tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. 5.5. Deviations -- ch. 6. The workbench - ribosomes. 6.1. The composition of ribosomes. 6.2. rRNA. 6.3. Ribosomal proteins. 6.4. The assembly of ribosomes -- ch. 7. The structure of the ribosome. 7.1. Early studies of the structure of ribosomal subunits and ribosomes. 7.2. Crystal structures of ribosomes. 7.3. The inter-subunit bridges. 7.4. The structures of the ribosomal RNA molecules. 7.5. The structures of ribosomal proteins. 7.6. The structures of eukaryotic and mitochondrial ribosomes -- ch. 8. Ribosomal sites and ribosomal states. 8.1. The binding of mRNA. 8.2. The tRNA binding sites. 8.3. The peptidyl transfer center. 8.4. The polypeptide exit tunnel. 8.5. The GTPase binding site. 8.6. The ribosomal states -- ch. 9. The catalysts - translation factors. 9.1. The trGTPases. 9.2. Initiation factors. 9.3. Elongation factors. 9.4. Release factors. 9.5. Ribosome-recycling factor. 9.6. tRNA mimicry. 9.7. Ribosome rescue factors/ribosomal protection proteins -- ch. 10. Inhibitors of protein synthesis - antibiotics, resistance. 10.1. Inhibitors of initiation. 10.2. Inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA binding. 10.3. Interference with decoding; distortion of fidelity. 10.4. Inhibitors of peptidyl transfer. 10.5. Inhibitors of the exit tunnel. 10.6. Inhibitors of transslocation. 10.7. Inhibitors of translation factors -- ch. 11. The process - translation. 11.1. The dynamics of translation and the ribosome. 11.2. Central assays. 11.3. Initiation. 11.4. Elongation. 11.5. Termination. 11.6. Ribosome recycling -- ch. 12. Protein processing, folding and targeting. 12.1. Processing of the nascent peptide. 12.2. Folding of the nascent chain. 12.3. Transport of the nascent polypeptide -- ch. 13. Evolution of the translation apparatus. 13.1. Evolution of the genetic code, tRNAs and tRNA synthetases. 13.2. The evolution of ribosomal RNAs. 13.3. Evolution of proteins in translation. 13.4. The RNA world or RNA-dominated world